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California's giant sequoias are symbols of permanence - with some living for thousands of years. But the fierce wildfire...
05/01/2022

California's giant sequoias are symbols of permanence - with some living for thousands of years. But the fierce wildfires ravaging the state threaten even these mighty trees, which are among the longest-lived organisms on Earth.

There is something primeval about giant sequoias. Their weird, broccoli-like branches wouldn't seem out of place with a long-necked dinosaur plodding by.

And they are impossibly big: 30 or 40 people would have to link hands to hug the largest ones. The tallest trees are 90m (295ft) high. That's like a 30-storey tower block.

"They make you feel deep time", sighs Christy Bingham, as she looks up at the biggest tree in the world - known as the General Sherman.

"You can just sense standing here that this tree was born before Jesus."

Christy lowers her voice as she says this, as if out of respect. She's in charge of conserving these magnificent trees in the Sequoia National Park in the Sierra Nevada mountains - their last redoubt.

Sequoias live so long because they are exquisitely adapted to their environment, Christy tells me.There have always been...
05/01/2022

Sequoias live so long because they are exquisitely adapted to their environment, Christy tells me.

There have always been fires in California and, in response, sequoias have developed insulating bark which can be up to a metre thick and which stops all but the hottest fires damaging the trees.

But California's fires are changing. Christy leads me deeper into the forest, to show me what she means.

All you can hear is the sound of the wind in the leaves, the occasional cry of a raven and our footsteps crunching in the leaf litter. It is heaven. Until, that is, we walk over a ridge and the scene changes dramatically.

"This is what I wanted to show you, this was a giant sequoia grove", she says. The landscape is monochrome now: grey or black, ash or cinders. Many of the huge trees have been reduced to columns of charcoal.

"Before 2015 no one saw a sequoia that looked like this," says Christy. She is crying now. "You never saw a tree become a candle and burn up in this way before." She points to the blackened remains of one of the biggest trees.

Indeed, the flight performance was so good, mission controllers now believe the telescope's lifetime has been significan...
02/01/2022

Indeed, the flight performance was so good, mission controllers now believe the telescope's lifetime has been significantly extended because it didn't have to use so much of its own fuel when making a later course refinement.

Another indicator of the Ariane dividend is the speed at which Webb's solar array is seen to deploy in the video. It comes out just 70 seconds after the telescope's ejection from the rocket's upper-stage.

The event was not expected for several minutes but Webb's onboard computers determined that all conditions for a safe deployment had been met and commanded the array's immediate release.

The telescope was launched in a folded configuration - a tightly packed cuboid a little under 10.7m by 4.5m by 4.5m. It'...
02/01/2022

The telescope was launched in a folded configuration - a tightly packed cuboid a little under 10.7m by 4.5m by 4.5m. It's now being directed to unfold itself, with the tricky unfurling of a giant sunshield scheduled to take place over the next few days.

The camera system used to obtain the separation video was manufactured by Irish start-up Réaltra Space Systems Engineering.

Arianespace, which manages the launches from French Guiana's Kourou spaceport, will be putting the Réaltra technology on Europe's next-generation Ariane vehicle - the Ariane-6 - when it enters service next year.

Charlotte Hatherley has previously worked with Esa on outreach projects. The title of the track used to accompany the Webb video is called Lonely Waltz, which featured on her 2017 album, True Love.

Dr Studholme is the lead author of this new study, which projects that a warming climate will see the formation of more ...
31/12/2021

Dr Studholme is the lead author of this new study, which projects that a warming climate will see the formation of more of these types of storms in the mid-latitudes, where most of the world's population lives, and where most economic activity takes place.

He explained that as the world gets hotter, the difference in temperature between the equator and polar regions will decline, and this will impact the flow of the jet streams.

Normally, these high-altitude rivers of air act as a kind of border guard for hurricanes, keeping them closer to the equator.

"As the climate warms, that sort of jet stream activity that happens in the middle latitude, will weaken and in extreme cases split, allowing this sort of cyclone formation to occur."

The question of the impact of human induced climate change on hurricanes has been contentious in the past, but recent research suggests that the connections are becoming clearer.

"These tropical cyclone changes, plus pronounced coastal sea level rise might compound potential societal impacts."Dr Zh...
31/12/2021

"These tropical cyclone changes, plus pronounced coastal sea level rise might compound potential societal impacts."

Dr Zhang cautioned that the sensitivity of tropical cyclones to warming has a high level of uncertainty but he said the risk from these storms could still increase even with moderate levels of warming.

Certainly, the authors argue that this course is not set in stone and that dramatic reductions in carbon emissions over the next decade particularly, could alter the outcome.

"The control over this is the temperature gradient between the tropics and the poles, and that's very tightly linked to overall climate change," said Dr Studholme.

"By end of this century, the difference in that gradient between a high emission scenario and a low emission scenario is dramatic. That can be very significant in terms of how these hurricanes play out."

29/12/2021

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